Skip to main page content

• HOME
• Current Issue
• Archive
• Alerts
• About ASM
• Contact us
• Tech Support
• Journals.ASM.org

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) A correction has been published Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Airaksinen, U. Articles by Sarvas, M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Airaksinen, U. Articles by Sarvas, M.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, May 2003, p. 367-375, Vol. 10, No. 3
1071-412X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/CDLI.10.3.367-375.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Production of Chlamydia pneumoniae Proteins in Bacillus subtilis and Their Use in Characterizing Immune Responses in the Experimental Infection Model

Ulla Airaksinen,^1, Tuula Penttilä,^2,3 Eva Wahlström,^1, Jenni M. Vuola,¹ Mirja Puolakkainen,^2,3 and Matti Sarvas^1*

Department of Vaccines, National Public Health Institute,¹ Haartman Institute, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki,² HUCH Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Virology, Helsinki, Finland³

Received 19 April 2002/ Returned for modification 20 November 2002/ Accepted

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Due to intracellular growth requirements, large-scale cultures of chlamydiae and purification of its proteins are difficult and laborious. To overcome these problems we produced chlamydial proteins in a heterologous host, Bacillus subtilis, a gram-positive nonpathogenic bacterium. The genes of Chlamydia pneumoniae major outer membrane protein (MOMP), the cysteine-rich outer membrane protein (Omp2), and the heat shock protein (Hsp60) were amplified by PCR, and the PCR products were cloned into expression vectors containing a promoter, a ribosome binding site, and a truncated signal sequence of the -amylase gene from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. C. pneumoniae genes were readily expressed in B. subtilis under the control of the -amylase promoter. The recombinant proteins MOMP and Hsp60 were purified from the bacterial lysate with the aid of the carboxy-terminal histidine hexamer tag by affinity chromatography. The Omp2 was separated as an insoluble fraction after 8 M urea treatment. The purified proteins were successfully used as immunogens and as antigens in serological assays and in a lymphoproliferation test. The Omp2 and Hsp60 antigens were readily recognized by the antibodies appearing after pulmonary infection following intranasal inoculation of C. pneumoniae in mice. Also, splenocytes collected from mice immunized with MOMP or Hsp60 proteins proliferated in response to in vitro stimulation with the corresponding proteins.

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Chlamydia pneumoniae is an important human pathogen that causes acute respiratory infections like pneumonia, bronchitis, and pharyngitis. Furthermore, the association between C. pneumoniae and several chronic conditions, including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and atherosclerosis has been investigated by many research groups (9, 10, 19, 32). Antimicrobial therapy, effective in treatment of acute infections, may not be able to resolve the persistent infection associated with the chronic conditions. Therefore, a recent line of research aims at a strategy for preventing or controlling chlamydia infections. Immune intervention could be the means for such a strategy but would require an understanding of the mechanisms of immunity in the various stages of C. pneumoniae infection.

Sera from infected individuals recognize several proteins of C. pneumoniae (3, 8, 14, 15). One of the best-characterized antigens among different Chlamydia species is the major outer membrane protein (MOMP). This 40-kDa protein apparently functions as a porin channel in the outer membrane of Chlamydia species (2, 44). Despite the remarkable sequence similarity between the MOMPs of chlamydial species, C. pneumoniae MOMP does not seem to be as immunodominant as Chlamydia trachomatis MOMP. Another outer membrane protein, Omp2 (62 kDa), has been identified as a target of immune recognition in both C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae infections (7, 21, 37). Antibodies against Hsp60 (GroEL) (60 kDa) of C. trachomatis have been considered to be important for autoimmune mechanisms in conditions like pelvic inflammatory disease and tubal infertility (6).

For better evaluation the individual C. pneumoniae antigens should be obtained free from other C. pneumoniae proteins. However, the purification of antigens from C. pneumoniae is very difficult, the main obstacle being its pathogenic and parasitic nature, and no host is available for cultivation of C. pneumoniae in reasonable quantities. To overcome this, heterologous protein expression systems can be used. Bacillus subtilis, a gram-positive, nonpathogenic bacterium, is a very suitable host for production of chlamydial proteins. The widely used laboratory strain 168 contains no innate toxins; in particular, since it is gram positive there is no lipopolysaccharide endotoxin. Its cell wall components are of weak or no biological activity (peptidoglucan and teichoic acid) (12). Effective expression systems for heterologous proteins are available, with the choice of intracellular or secreted mode of production. Fermentation properties of Bacillus are favorable, with the feasibility of large-scale cultures. It has been shown that using a Bacillus expression vector containing the promoter, a ribosome binding site, and a truncated signal sequence of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens -amylase gene, it is possible to accumulate high levels of intracytoplasmic protein in inclusion bodies (11, 29, 22).

In the present study, we have used a Bacillus expression system for the production of C. pneumoniae proteins MOMP, Omp2, and Hsp60, and evaluated their immunogenicity in the experimental model for C. pneumoniae infection. Experimental animal models to study C. pneumoniae have been established previously (16, 24, 45). Intranasal inoculation of the bacteria in mice resembles in many respects C. pneumoniae infection in humans: this includes infection kinetics, relatively mild symptoms, the capacity for repeated infections, and the development of partial protection. Studies using these models have shown that cell mediated immunity is necessary for protection against C. pneumoniae infection in mice. Specifically, CD8⁺ T cells are necessary for protection from both primary and reinfection (25, 31).

Here, we show that chlamydial proteins were readily expressed in the Bacillus system as soluble proteins or insoluble inclusion bodies. The inclusion bodies were solubilized with detergents for purification of chlamydial proteins. The purified proteins were functional in immunological assays as enzyme immunoassay (EIA) antigens and specific stimulators in lymphoproliferation assays. These proteins were also used to produce C. pneumoniae antigen-specific antisera in rabbits.

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Strains and plasmids. C. pneumoniae Kajaani 6 (K6) was originally provided by Pekka Saikku (National Public Health Institute, Oulu, Finland). Mycoplasma-free C. pneumoniae K6 was used for extraction of the genomic C. pneumoniae DNA for cloning. B. subtilis strains used for expressing chlamydial antigens, and the plasmids used as expression vectors are listed in Table 1. The C-terminal end of the produced chlamydial proteins was extended with a histidine hexamer with a linker of a glycine dimer. The recombinant plasmids were transferred for expression into B. subtilis WB600, which is devoid of six extracellular proteases, or into IH6140, with a low level of exoproteases (Table 1).

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]

TABLE 1. Plasmids and B. subtilis strains used in this study

Growth conditions. For the purification of the recombinant proteins, B. subtilis strains expressing chlamydial antigens were grown in shake flasks at 37°C, 300 rpm, in double strength Luria broth (2x LB) containing 20 g of tryptone, 10 g of yeast extract, and 10 g of NaCl in 1 liter of water. Kanamycin was added to 10 µg/ml when appropriate.

Plasmid constructions. The expression vectors for C. pneumoniae genes contained the promoter and seven N-terminal codons of the signal sequence from B. amyloliquefaciens -amylase gene (amyQ). The expression vectors pKTH39 and pKTH1784 (Table 1), which had the cloning sites EcoRI and HindIII, respectively, were suitable for cloning the C. pneumoniae genes hsp60 and omp2. For the cloning of C. pneumoniae momp, a new cloning site, KpnI, was introduced to the vector pKTH39 by replacing the 0.2-kb ClaI-EcoRI fragment containing the amyQ promoter with a PCR fragment containing the same amyQ promoter and a KpnI site upstream EcoRI (primers 2436 and 61620 [Table 2]). This new expression vector was named pKTH3415. Due to different cloning sites, different extra N-terminal amino acid sequences were introduced to each recombinant proteins.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]

TABLE 2. PCR primers used for cloning to introduce a novel cloning site into B. subtilis expression vector pKTH39 and the C. pneumoniae genes

C. pneumoniae momp (GenBank accession no. M69230 [27]), omp2 (GenBank accession no. X53511 [40]), and hsp60 (GenBank accession no. M69217 [17]) genes were amplified by PCR from genomic DNA extracted from the K6 isolate. KpnI, HindIII, or EcoRI restriction endonuclease sites were introduced to the primers (Table 2) to enable cloning of momp, omp2, and hsp60, respectively. To facilitate purification of the recombinant proteins, a histidine hexamer tag was introduced to the C termini of the products by the reverse primers. In addition, codons for two glycine residues were added between the chlamydial sequence and the histidine hexamer to minimize a potential disturbance in folding of the newly synthesized protein by the tag. Expand High Fidelity DNA polymerase mix (Roche Biochemicals, Mannheim, Germany) or Dynazyme DNA polymerase (Finnzymes, Helsinki, Finland) was used in PCRs according to the manufacturer's instructions. The PCR protocol used included 29 cycles (30 s at 94°C, 20 s at 50°C, and 1 min 30 s at 72°C) preceded by 4 min of predenaturation at 94°C and followed by a 7-min extension at 72°C after the cycles in the Programmable Thermal Controller (MJ Research, Inc.). The PCR products were purified using a QiaQuick PCR purification kit (Qiagen Inc., Hilden, Germany) before cloning into the expression vectors. B. subtilis was transformed using the method of Cryczan et al. (5). The transformants obtained were screened by PCR or by restriction enzyme analysis. Also, the presence of correct inserts was confirmed by DNA sequencing (M. Rottenberg, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden).

Western blotting. Expression of the recombinant C. pneumoniae proteins in B. subtilis was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blotting. Cells of 1 ml of bacterial mid-log culture were pelleted and resuspended in 100 µl of protoplasting buffer (20 mM potassium phosphate [pH 7.5 to 8], 15 mM MgCl₂, 20% sucrose and lysozyme [1 mg/ml]) and incubated for 20 min at 37°C. Lysed bacteria were boiled for 10 min in sample buffer, and the proteins were separated by SDS-9% PAGE according to the method of Laemmli (20). The separated proteins were blotted onto a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Immobilon P; Millipore, Bedford, Mass.). The membranes were blocked with 3% bovine serum albumin in Tris-buffered saline and then probed with rabbit sera, KH1500 (1:2,000) recognizing C. pneumoniae elementary bodies (EBs), or anti-His₆ tag monoclonal antibody (1:500) (Dianova, Hamburg, Germany). Antibody binding was detected by peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (1:3,000; Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.), and the color was developed using 4-chloro-1-naphtol as substrate.

Immunoblotting of purified C. pneumoniae EBs was done as described previously (30) with some modifications. Briefly, the lysates of purified EBs were electrophoresed in SDS-PAGE. After electrophoresis, separated proteins were transferred to Immun-Blot polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Bio-Rad Laboratories). The membranes were blocked and allowed to react with anti-MOMP-His₆, anti-Omp2-His₆, or anti-Hsp60-His₆ rabbit sera (1:500) overnight. After washings the filters were incubated with swine anti-rabbit peroxidase-conjugated immunoglobulins (1:3,000) (Dako, Glostrup, Denmark), and the color was developed using Opti-4CN Substrate (Bio-Rad Laboratories) according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Purification of His-tagged recombinant proteins. (i) Hsp60-His₆. B. subtilis strain expressing the recombinant Hsp60 protein (IH7115) was grown to mid-stationary phase (100 Klett units + 4 h) at 37°C and 300 rpm in one liter of 2x LB, and bacteria were collected by centrifugation. The chlamydial protein was purified using the Qiaexpress purification method according to the manufacturer's instructions (Qiagen Inc.). The bacteria were resuspended in 100 ml of buffer C (20 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 100 mM NaCl) containing lysozyme (2 mg/ml), DNase (5 µg/ml), and RNase (10 µg/ml) and incubated for 30 min at 37°C with shaking. The soluble, cytoplasmic fraction (100 ml) was mixed with 10 ml of equilibrated nickel ion chelate affinity resin (Ni-NTA Superflow; Qiagen). After adsorption for 1 h at 4°C with gentle stirring the suspension was applied onto a column. The column was allowed to drain (flowthrough fraction was collected for analysis) and then was washed with 100 ml of buffer A (20 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 300 mM NaCl) containing low levels (10 mM) of imidazole and then with 50 ml of the same buffer with 20 mM imidazole. Bound proteins were eluted with buffer A containing 100 mM imidazole. Fractions were collected and analyzed for a 60-kDa protein by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with antisera against C. pneumoniae EBs or with monoclonal antibodies against His₆ tag. The fractions that contained the Hsp60-His₆ protein were combined and extensively dialyzed against buffer A to remove imidazole. The amount of recombinant proteins was estimated by SDS-PAGE followed by Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) staining.

(ii) MOMP-His₆. A B. subtilis strain expressing the recombinant MOMP protein (IH7342) was grown overnight at 37°C and 300 rpm in 1 liter of 2x LB. Cells were collected and lysed as described above. The particulate fraction was dissolved in 50 ml of buffer D (20 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 100 mM NaCl, 8 M urea, 20 mM ß-mercaptoethanol) with the addition of EDTA-free Complete protease inhibitor (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany). After gentle stirring at room temperature for 30 min, the solution was cleared by centrifugation at 20,000 x g for 30 min. The remaining pellet was discarded, and the supernatant was mixed with 5 ml of equilibrated Ni-NTA resin. The suspension was gently stirred for 1 h at room temperature and then applied onto a column, where it was allowed to drain. The column was washed with 50 ml of buffer D containing 10 mM imidazole and 100 ml of the same buffer containing 20 mM imidazole. Bound proteins were eluted with buffer D containing 250 mM imidazole. Fractions of 5 ml were collected and analyzed for a 40-kDa protein by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with antisera against C. pneumoniae EBs or with monoclonal antibodies against the His₆ tag. The fractions containing the MOMP-His₆ protein were combined and dialyzed against buffer C (20 mM Tris-HCl [pH 8.0], 100 mM NaCl) to remove urea and imidazole and to precipitate the protein. The precipitated protein was then redissolved in a small volume of buffer C containing 1% SDS and 2 mM dithiothreitol (DTT). The amount of recombinant proteins was estimated by SDS-PAGE followed by CBB staining.

(iii) Omp2-His₆. B. subtilis strain expressing the recombinant Omp2 protein (IH7279) was grown over night at 37°C on Luria agar plates (50 ml) supplemented with kanamycin (10 µg/ml). The cells were harvested from the plates; resuspended in 10 ml of buffer C containing lysozyme (2 mg/ml), DNase (5 µg/ml), and RNase (10 µg/ml); and incubated for 30 min at 37°C with shaking, after which 30 ml of urea was added to final 8 M concentration. After sonication nonsoluble proteins were pelleted by centrifugation at 20,000 x g and the pellet was solubilized in 30 ml of buffer C containing 0.5% SDS and 5 mM DTT. The amount of recombinant proteins was estimated by SDS-PAGE followed by CBB staining.

Production of rabbit antisera. Rabbits were immunized subcutaneously three times with 50 µg of each protein; a first injection with Freund's complete adjuvant, a second injection at day 14 with incomplete Freund's adjuvant, and a third at day 42 with incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Sera were collected 10 days after the third injection. The rabbit sera were named as follows: KH1505 (-Hsp60-His₆), KH1508 (-MOMP-His₆), and KH1510 (-Omp2-His₆).

Microimmunofluorescence assays (MIF) were performed as described in reference 38 using C. pneumoniae (K6) EBs as antigens. Briefly, the test uses purified and formalin-fixed chlamydial EBs as antigen. Serum samples containing antichlamydial antibodies were added on EB-coated slides for 30 min at 37°C. Slides were washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugates were added on slides for 30 min at 37°C. After washing with PBS, slides were mounted and viewed under fluorescence microscope.

Mouse infection experiments. Specific-pathogen-free female BALB/c mice (Bomholtgård Breeding and Research Centre Ltd., Ry, Denmark) kept in ventilated containers and given food and water ad libitum, were used at 6 to 8 weeks of age. Infection of mice with 10⁶ inclusion forming units (IFU) of C. pneumoniae K6 isolate was done intranasally as described previously (24). The sera of four to six mice were collected at days 2, 6, and 17 after infection. Mice were rechallenged 8 weeks after the first challenge with the same amount of C. pneumoniae and again sera of infected mice were collected at days 2, 7, and 11 after the rechallenge.

Mouse immunization. Antigens used to immunize mice were cultured stock of C. pneumoniae K6 isolate boiled for 10 min or C. pneumoniae recombinant proteins produced in Bacillus. They were either boiled (Hsp60-His₆) or used as such (MOMP-His₆). Boiled mock sample, prepared similarly to the infectious stock but containing no C. pneumoniae, was used as a control in the immunizations. Groups of 12 mice were immunized intraperitoneally (i.p.) twice with 10 days interval, with approximately 10 µg of EB protein (10⁷ IFU) or with 100 µg of recombinant proteins. After the immunizations, two mice were bled for antibody measurements, their spleens were dissected, and a single-cell suspension was prepared for the proliferation assays. The rest of the mice were challenged with live C. pneumoniae 11 days after the second immunization, and sera were obtained from individual mice for antibody measurements at days 4 and 10 after the challenge.

Antibody EIA. EIA was done as described earlier by Penttilä et al. (26). In brief, polystyrene 96-well plates (Nalge Ltd., Hereford, United Kingdom) were coated with heterologously expressed C. pneumoniae proteins (0.75 µg/ml) overnight at room temperature. After blocking with 3% bovine serum albumin in PBS (1 h, 37°C), serially diluted mouse sera were allowed to bind to the proteins 1 h at room temperature. The plates were washed with PBS-0.05% Tween 20, and the binding was detected with horseradish peroxidase-labeled antibody to mouse immunoglobulins G (Dako A/S, Denmark). After washing, the substrate (BM Blue POD substrate; Roche Diagnostics GmbH) was added and the was absorbance measured at 450 nm. The EIA titers were expressed as logarithmic (log₁₀) values that represent the inverse values of mean end point dilutions of sera read at an optical density of 0.3 (18).

Lymphoproliferation assay. Single-cell suspensions of splenocytes were prepared by mechanical homogenization of spleens and lysis of erythrocytes with short hypotonic shock with H₂O. Cells from two spleens were pooled and resuspended in complete growth medium containing RPMI 1640 (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.), 10% fetal calf serum, 10 mM HEPES (Sigma), L-glutamine (0.3 mg/ml; Gibco BRL, Life Technologies, Paisley, Scotland, United Kingdom), penicillin (10 U/ml; Sigma), streptomycin (10 µg/ml; Sigma), and 50 µM 2-mercaptoethanol (Sigma). The proliferative response of 0.2 x 10⁶ isolated splenocytes to a 5-µg/ml concentration of Hsp60-His₆, Omp2-His₆, and MOMP-His₆ and purified formalin-inactivated C. pneumoniae EBs (1 µg/ml) was detected in a 3-day proliferation assay using ³H-labeled thymidine (Amersham, Aylesbury, United Kingdom) similarly to that described by Penttilä et al. (24). The proliferative responses are expressed as proliferation indexes calculated as follows: (antigen induced proliferation - background proliferation)/background proliferation. The mean background proliferation (without stimulants) was 2,966 cpm.

Statistics. Nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test was used for statistical comparison of the groups.

The Institutional Ethics Committee on Animal Experimentation of National Public Health Institute and the provincial state office of southern Finland approved all the animal experiments. When genetically modified organisms were used we followed the safeguards and the procedure of notification to the Finnish Board on Gene Technology as obliged by the Finnish law on Gene Technology.

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Plasmids and expression strains for production of C. pneumoniae proteins in B. subtilis. Expression of the chlamydial proteins in B. subtilis was achieved using a multicopy plasmid vector system designed for intracellular expression (23). The expression system is based on pUB110 derivatives carrying the B. amyloliquefaciens -amylase promoter and a partial signal sequence encoding seven amino acids. Expression from these plasmids is constitutive, and the partial signal sequence was retained to ensure efficient translation of the heterologous genes inserted downstream. Two or four additional N-terminal amino acids were introduced to the cloning sites, different in each vector (Fig. 1).

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]

FIG. 1. Inserts in the recombinant plasmids used for expression C. pneumoniae genes (hsp60, omp2, and momp) in B. subtilis. The expression vectors contained the promoter and seven N-terminal codons of the signal sequence from B. amyloliquefaciens -amylase gene (amyQ). hsp60, omp2, and momp genes were amplified by PCR from C. pneumoniae genomic DNA, and the appropriate restriction endonuclease sites (EcoRI, HindIII, and KpnI, respectively) were introduced to the primers.

The hsp60 gene (nucleotides 617 to 2248 of GenBank sequence accession no. M69217) was amplified by PCR, and the PCR product was inserted at the EcoRI site of pKTH39 to give pKTH3361 (Fig. 1). B. subtilis WB600 was transformed with the expression plasmid resulting the strain IH7115. DNA sequencing of the plasmid showed all together three unintended nucleotide changes resulting in amino acid changes—G₁₁₃₃A₁₁₃₃ (GlyArg), A₁₈₉₆G₁₈₉₆ (GluGly), and CG₂₁₄₅GC₂₁₄₅ (ArgAla)—and, furthermore, one silent change G₂₁₁₉A₂₁₁₉. The numbers refer to the M69217 DNA sequence.

The momp gene (nucleotides 386 to 1483 of the DNA sequence; GenBank accession no. M69230) was amplified by PCR to give a product in which the codons for the 23 N-terminal amino acids were omitted. The momp-His₆ PCR fragment was inserted at the KpnI site of pKTH3415, resulting in pKTH3418 (Fig. 1).

The coding region for Omp2 (nucleotides 805 to 2406; GenBank accession no. X53511), excluding the codons for the 22 N-terminal amino acids, was amplified by PCR. The PCR product was ligated at the HindIII site of pKTH1784, resulting in pKTH3391 (Fig. 1).

Purification of the heterologous proteins. B. subtilis cells were disrupted with lysozyme and centrifuged. MOMP-His₆ and Omp2-His₆ were found in the particular fraction as inclusion bodies, while Hsp60-His₆ was mainly in the soluble fraction. However, a fraction of Hsp60-His₆ remained insoluble under the conditions used, and no attempts to recover this fraction was made. The soluble form of the Hsp60-His₆ was bound to the Ni-NTA resin with about 50% efficiency and eluted from the column with imidazole of low concentration (100 mM). Eluted Hsp60-His₆ was found to migrate in two bands, 62 and 60 kDa, respectively, in SDS-PAGE. During dialysis the proportion of the 60-kDa variant increased, indicating degradation. Both 62- and 60-kDa proteins that were seen in CBB-stained SDS-polyacrylamide gels (Fig. 2A) reacted with rabbit anti-Cpn serum KH1500 and also with monoclonal anti-His₆ antibody and Ni-NTA conjugate (data not shown).

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]

FIG. 2. Purification of heterologous proteins. The recombinant Hsp60 and MOMP proteins were purified by affinity chromatography with Ni-NTA resin. The Omp2 protein was purified as an insoluble fraction after 8 M urea treatment, which dissolved almost all other proteins in the bacterial lysate. The purity of the proteins was estimated by SDS-PAGE followed by CBB staining. (A) Purification of Hsp60-His6 on Ni-NTA. Lanes: 1, whole cells; 2, lysis pellet; 3, lysis supernatant; 4, flowthrough; 5, eluted Hsp60-His6. (B) Purification of MOMP-His6 on Ni-NTA. Lanes: 1, whole cells; 2, lysis supernatant; 3, lysis pellet (inclusion bodies); 4, urea supernatant; 5, flowthrough; 6, eluted MOMP-His6. (C) Purification of Omp2-His6. Lanes: 1, whole cells; 2, urea supernatant; 3, urea pellet; 4, solubilized pellet (Omp2-His6).

The MOMP-His₆ was produced as insoluble inclusion bodies in B. subtilis. MOMP-His₆ was solubilized with urea before binding to Ni-NTA resin, and it was eluted under denaturing conditions with 250 mM imidazole in the presence of 8 M urea. ß-Mercaptoethanol was included to prevent the formation of intermolecular disulfide bonds. Eluate was precipitated by dialyzing against buffer devoid of urea. The precipitate was recovered from the dialysate by pelleting at 20,000 x g and by dissolving the pellet in 1% SDS and 2 mM DTT. The purified MOMP-His₆ ran as one band of 40 kDa in SDS-PAGE (Fig. 2B) and was recognized by rabbit anti-Cpn serum (KH1500) and Ni-NTA conjugate (data not shown).

The Omp2-His₆ was also produced as insoluble inclusion bodies in B. subtilis. In contrast to MOMP-His₆ this protein was not soluble in urea and thus could not be purified by the Ni-NTA affinity method. However, after the solubilization with 8 M urea, the insoluble fraction was found to be a rather pure preparation of Omp2-His₆ based on SDS-PAGE analysis. Essentially pure protein was obtained in milligram quantities. A major 60-kDa protein as well as some minor forms of higher molecular mass was recognized by CBB staining (Fig. 2C) as well as in Western blotting by rabbit anti-C. pneumoniae EB antiserum (KH1500) and the conjugate reacting with the His tag (data not shown).

Immune sera from rabbits. The antisera prepared by immunizing rabbits with the purified protein preparations reacted in Western blotting at high dilution with the SDS-PAGE-separated C. pneumoniae EBs as expected: -Hsp60-His₆ and -Omp2-His₆ sera recognized proteins of approximately 60 kDa, and -MOMP-His₆ serum recognized a protein of approximately 43 kDa (Fig. 3). In MIF, where formalin-inactivated whole C. pneumoniae EBs were used as antigen, no reactivity was seen (data not shown).

View larger version (40K): [in this window] [in a new window]

FIG. 3. Western blot analysis of polyvalent monospecific rabbit antisera to heterologous proteins. Immobilized C. pneumoniae (K6) EBs were probed with anti-MOMP-His6 (lane a), anti-Omp2-His6 (lane b), and anti-Hsp60-His6 (lane c) antisera at 1:500. The MOMP-His6 sera bound to a 43-kDa protein. Anti-Omp2-His6 and anti-Hsp60-His6 sera recognized approximately 60-kDa proteins.

Utilization of heterologous proteins (MOMP-His₆, Omp2-His₆, and Hsp60-His₆) as EIA antigens. The significance for antigenicity of the denatured state of proteins MOMP and Omp2 prepared from B. subtilis was studied. Mice were infected either with living C. pneumoniae bacteria (proteins and epitopes in natural conformation) or immunized with heat-killed bacteria (proteins and epitopes presumably in denatured conformation) to evaluate the possible differences in the specificity of the immune sera against heterologous proteins.

Mice infected intranasally with living C. pneumoniae did not produce antibodies against the MOMP-His₆ or Hsp60-His₆ proteins (mean titers < 2.0) in 2 weeks after the challenge; however, a response against Omp2-His₆ protein (mean titer 3.3) was detected (Fig. 4). The strongest reactivity with Omp2-His₆ was seen approximately 4 weeks after primary infection, and the antibody levels of infected mice stayed high at least 6 weeks (data not shown). After rechallenge there was a rapid antibody response against MOMP and Hsp60 (the change of mean titers from 2.3 to 2.8 and from 2.2 to 3.8, respectively), indicating that mice had developed immunological memory also against these antigens. The response against Omp2-His₆ protein was enhanced (mean titers > 4).

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]

FIG. 4. Antibody response induced in BALB/c mice against recombinant MOMP-His6, Omp2-His6, and Hsp60-His6 proteins after primary and reinfection of C. pneumoniae. Mice were challenged and rechallenged with 106 IFU of C. pneumoniae intranasally. Antibodies were measured by EIA at different time points. The EIA titers were expressed as logarithmic (log10) values of titers, which represent the inverse values of mean end point dilutions of sera (error bar, range) read at an optical density of 0.3.

Immunization i.p. with two doses of heat-killed EBs of C. pneumoniae and challenge after immunizations with 10⁶ IFU of C. pneumoniae induced a rapid and strong antibody response in the mice against MOMP and Omp2 (mean titers, 3.3 and 3.3, respectively), but no anti-Hsp60 response (mean titer, 1.7) could be detected by EIA. The mice that were not immunized developed an antibody response against the proteins more slowly, a response similar to that observed in primary C. pneumoniae infection (Fig. 5).

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]

FIG. 5. Antibody response induced in BALB/c mice against recombinant MOMP-His6, Omp2-His6, and Hsp60-His6 proteins after immunization of mice with heat-aggregated C. pneumoniae EBs. Mice were immunized i.p. twice with 100 µg of EBs. Ten days after the last immunization mice were challenged with C. pneumoniae, and antibodies were measured by EIA 0, 4, and 10 days after challenge. The EIA titers were expressed as logarithmic (log10) value of titers, which represent the inverse values of mean end point dilutions of sera (error bar, range) read at an optical density of 0.3. *, P of <0.05 obtained in statistical analysis between immunized and control groups of mice (= mock immunized).

Utilization of C. pneumoniae proteins in the lymphoproliferation assay. When used as reagents to study cell mediated immunity the denatured conformation of heterologous proteins is of minor significance. Instead, a low background proliferative response, which indicates the reagents to be devoid of unspecific stimulatory effects, is important.

BALB/c mice were immunized with heat-killed C. pneumoniae, MOMP-His₆, or heat-aggregated Hsp60-His₆, after which the induction of proliferative responses of splenocytes was tested. Whereas the proliferative indices of splenocytes from mock-immunized mice against C. pneumoniae EBs, MOMP-His₆, and Hsp60-His₆, were below 2 (i.e., background proliferative response) the proliferative response against C. pneumoniae EBs was increased five to sevenfold in the three immunization groups. Increased proliferative responses against the corresponding proteins were detected in mice immunized with MOMP or Hsp60 proteins. Mice immunized with heat-killed C. pneumoniae showed a moderately increased proliferative response against Hsp60 but not against MOMP (Fig. 6). Omp2-His₆ proteins were not used in mouse immunizations but in a separate set of experiments the protein was shown to induce a background proliferative response of 2.05 ± 0.49 in control splenocytes (data not shown).

View larger version (20K): [in this window] [in a new window]

FIG. 6. C. pneumoniae MOMP-His6 (white bars) and Hsp60-His6 (gray bars) proteins produced in Bacillus were used as antigens in an in vitro proliferation assay in parallel with formalin-inactivated C. pneumoniae EBs (black bars). Mice were immunized at days 0 and 10, and splenocytes were isolated at day 21. Isolated splenocytes were stimulated with antigens or medium alone (background proliferation) for 3 days, and the proliferation was detected as incorporation of [3H]thymidine during the last 16 to 18 h of incubation. Proliferation index was calculated as follows: (antigen induced proliferation - background proliferation)/background proliferation. nd, not done.

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Bacillus subtilis is an excellent host for expression and production for heterologous proteins for immunological studies. Here, we describe expression of three C. pneumoniae proteins (MOMP, Omp2, and Hsp60) in B. subtilis. The proteins could be obtained in essentially pure form and in large quantities. The Hsp60 protein was soluble with native conformation, and the outer membrane proteins of C. pneumoniae (MOMP and Omp2) were at the denatured state. They were found in B. subtilis as inclusion bodies like most membrane proteins produced at high level in heterologous hosts, and they could be solubilized and purified only under strongly denaturing conditions. The denatured form sets constraints in terms of the presence of antigenic epitopes found in native proteins. It is probable that during the microbial infection the range of antibodies covers both native and denatured epitopes of the microbial antigens, although many epitopes exposed on the bacterial surface are discontinuous, and the detection of antibodies raised to these epitopes requires antigens of native conformation. On the other hand, when cell-mediated immunity is studied the conformation of the proteins used as reagents is of minor significance. For such studies it is of special significance that proteins produced in the Bacillus expression system be free of endotoxin and consequently devoid of unspecific stimulatory effects in immunological studies. In this study, we evaluated their use as immunogens and as tools to study humoral and cell-mediated immunity during experimental C. pneumoniae infection.

The B. subtilis-produced chlamydial proteins were used to produce polyclonal, monospecific antisera. By Western blotting, the antisera from rabbits immunized with MOMP-His₆, Omp2-His₆ or Hsp60-His₆ proteins specifically recognized proteins of the corresponding size in purified C. pneumoniae EB. However, in the MIF test, where antibodies react with as-yet-undefined antigens present on the surface of whole C. pneumoniae organisms, no reactivity was seen with any of the antisera. This is not surprising, since the rabbit antisera were likely to recognize only linear epitopes of Omp2 and MOMP, as the animals were immunized with denatured Omp2-His₆ and MOMP-His₆ proteins. Both Omp2 and MOMP are part of the sarcosyl-insoluble fraction of C. pneumoniae EBs, the outer membrane complex (28). Earlier, MOMP was not considered to be surface exposed, because in immunoblotting human sera did not recognize MOMP (3) and because a monoclonal antibody against C. pneumoniae MOMP failed to react with purified EBs in immunoelectron microscopy (4). Recently, however, it was suggested that MOMP of C. pneumoniae is exposed on the surface of the bacteria, but antibodies recognize a conformational epitope of MOMP, and could thus not be detected with sera raised against denatured protein (42). That is also the case with other porin proteins like the meningococcal PorA (22). Although Omp2 is a target of immune recognition during chlamydial infections (37, 8), it has not been detected on the surface of C. pneumoniae EBs (41), whereas the amino-terminal part of the corresponding C. trachomatis protein is surface exposed (35). This limited exposure of the protein on the surface might explain why antibodies against the whole chlamydial Omp2 protein do not react with intact EBs, whereas an antibody against that specific exposed peptide is able to bind to EBs (35). Hsp60 is a cytoplasmic protein, which is also not likely to be exposed on EBs.

Definite serological diagnosis of chlamydial infections requires the use of MIF method (38, 39). However, the method is technically demanding, requires expertise in interpretation, and is not widely available. We evaluated whether the produced proteins could be used as antigens in serological EIA. During experimental C. pneumoniae infection in mice, a strong antibody response against the Omp2-His₆ protein appeared already after primary infection. This is in accordance with the earlier studies showing that Omp2, even in denatured form, is a major immunogen recognized during human C. pneumoniae infection (21, 7). In mice, antibody response against MOMP-His₆ and Hsp60-His₆ protein was negligible after primary infection, but the rapid appearance of these antibodies after the second infection suggests that the mice had developed immunological memory against these proteins during the first infection. Similarly, we have earlier shown that after intramuscular immunization with DNA coding for C. pneumoniae Omp2, the mice developed antibodies against Omp2-His₆, whereas development of antibodies against Hsp60-His₆ required the immunization with the corresponding DNA plasmid and the challenge (26). However, mice immunized with denatured (heat-killed) C. pneumoniae and, as mentioned in the discussion earlier, rabbits immunized with the recombinant proteins did develop a strong antibody response against MOMP-His₆ proteins. This suggests the correct conformation of the MOMP antigen is critical for accurate detection of the antibody response. Antibodies induced by chlamydial infection may recognize both conformational and linear epitopes of the antigens, and the former ones may not react with the recombinant proteins. During human chlamydial infection, serum antibody response against the Hsp60-His₆ (13) and Omp2-His₆ proteins (our unpublished observations) could be detected by EIA suggesting that the proteins could be useful for measuring antigen-specific responses also in human sera.

The chlamydial proteins were produced in B. subtilis, a gram-positive bacterium that contains no lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin). Also, its teichoic acid has weak or no biological activity (12). When used as stimulatory proteins in lymphoproliferation assay, the purified protein preparations induced minimal mitogenic activity as shown by relatively low background levels observed in proliferative response of splenocytes from naïve or mock-immunized mice. Furthermore, when mice where immunized with the proteins or heat-killed whole bacteria, a clear increment was detected in proliferative responses against the corresponding proteins. Increased proliferative response against MOMP was also observed after DNA immunization (26). This suggests that the recombinant proteins are useful reagents when studying cellular immune responses. The denatured state of the outer membrane proteins (MOMP and Omp2) is of less significance in these assays. Also, the proteins described here, like whole bacteria, have been shown to induce human monocyte-derived macrophages to secrete the 92-kDa gelatinase (36).

In this study, we showed that B. subtilis is a suitable host for production of chlamydial proteins. The proteins were easily expressed, could be purified, were suitable for production of antisera, and could successfully be used as reagents to study humoral and cellular immunity during experimental C. pneumoniae infection.

 
This work was supported by contract BIO4-CT96-0152 of the Biotechnology Programme of the Commission of the European Union.

We acknowledge Lynda Jackson for her contribution to construct the Hsp60 recombinants and Leena Liesirova, Outi Rautio, Irene Viinikangas, Saija Kokkoniemi, and Anja Ratilainen for skillful technical assistance. We thank P. Helena Mäkelä for her valuable contribution to the writing of this paper and Juha Heikkilä, University of Lapland, Rovaniemi, Finland, for help with statistical analysis.

 
* Corresponding author: Mailing address: Department of Vaccines, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland. Phone: 358-9-47441. Fax: 358-9-47448347. E-mail: matti.sarvas{at}ktl.fi.

Present address: Ipsat Therapies Oy, Helsinki, Finland.

Present address: Department of Applied Biology, University of Helsinki, Finland.

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 

1
1. Anagnostopoulos, C., and J. Spizizen. 1961. Requirements for transformation in Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 81:741-746.[Free Full Text]
2
2. Bavoil, P., Ohlin, A., and Schachter. 1984. Role of disulfide bonding in outer membrane structure and permeability in Chlamydia trachomatis. Infect. Immun. 44:479-485.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
3
3. Campbell, L. A., C.-C. Kuo, S.-P. Wang, and J. T. Grayston. 1990. Serological response to Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:1261-1264.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
4
4. Christiansen, G., L. Østergaard, and S. Birkelund. 1994. Analysis of the Chlamydia pneumoniae surface, p. 173. In J. Orfila, G. I. Byrne, M. A. Chernesky, J. T. Grayston, R. B. Jones, G. L. Ridgway, P. Saikku, J. Schachter, W. E. Stamm, and R. S. Stephens (ed.), Chlamydial infections: proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Human Chlamydial Infections. Societa Editrice Esculapio, Bologna, Italy.
5
5. Cryczan, T. J., S. Contente, and D. Dubnau. 1978. Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus plasmids introduced by transformation into Bacillus subtilis. J. Bacteriol. 134:318-329.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
6
6. Eckert, L. O., S. E. Hawes, P. Wolner-Hanssen, D. M. Money, R. W. Peeling, R. C. Brunham, C. E. Stevens, D. A. Eschenbach, and W. E. Stamm. 1997. Prevalence and correlates of antibody to chlamydial heat shock protein in women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics and women with confirmed pelvic inflammatory disease. J. Infect. Dis. 175:1453-1458.[Medline]
7
7. Essig, A., U. Simnacher, M. Susa, and R. Marre. 1999. Analysis of the humoral immune response to Chlamydia pneumoniae by immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 6:819-825.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
8
8. Freidank, H. M., A. Clad, A. S. Herr, M. Wiedmann-Al-Ahmad, and B. Jung. 1993. Identification of Chlamydia pneumoniae-specific protein antigens in immunoblots. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 12:947-951.[CrossRef][Medline]
9
9. Grayston, J. T., C.-C. Kuo, S.-P. Wang, and J. Altman. 1986. A new Chlamydia psittaci strain, TWAR, isolated in acute respiratory infections. N. Engl. J. Med. 315:161-168.[Abstract]
10
10. Hahn, D. L., R. W. Dodge, and R. Golubjatnikov. 1991. Association of Chlamydia pneumoniae (strain TWAR) infection with wheezing, asthmatic bronchitis, and adult-onset asthma. JAMA 266:225-230.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
11
11. Himanen, J. P., S. Taira, M. Sarvas, P. Saris, and K. Runeberg-Nyman. 1990. Expression of pertussis toxin subunit S4 as an intracytoplasmic protein in Bacillus subtilis. Vaccine 8:600-604.[CrossRef][Medline]
12
12. Himanen, J. P., L. Pyhala, R. M. Olander, O. Merimskaya, T. Kuzina, O. Lysyuk, A. Pronin, A. Sanin, I. M. Helander, and M. Sarvas. 1993. Biological activities of lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan-teichoic acid of Bacillus subtilis 168 (Marburg). J. Gen. Microbiol. 139:2659-2665.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
13
13. Huhtinen, M., M. Puolakkainen, K. Laasila, M. Sarvas, A. Karma, and M. Leirisalo-Repo. 2001. Chlamydial antibodies in patients with previous acute anterior uveitis. Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 42:1816-1819.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
14
14. Ijima, Y., N. Miyashita, T. Kishimoto, R. Kanamoto, R. Soejima, and A. Matsumoto. 1994. Characterization of Chlamydia pneumoniae species-specific proteins immunodominant in humans. J. Clin. Microbiol. 32:583-588.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
15
15. Jantos, C. A., S. Heck, R. Roggendorf, M. Sen-Gupta, and J. H. Hegemann. 1997. Antigenic and molecular analyses of different Chlamydia pneumoniae strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:620-623.[Abstract]
16
16. Kaukoranta-Tolvanen, S.-S. E., A. Laurila, P. Saikku, M. Leinonen, L. Liesirova, and K. Laitinen. 1993. Experimental infection of Chlamydia pneumoniae in mice. Microb. Pathog. 15:293-302.[CrossRef][Medline]
17
17. Kikuta, L. C., M. Puolakkainen, C.-C. Kuo, and L. A. Campbell. 1991. Isolation and sequence analysis of the Chlamydia pneumoniae GroE operon. Infect. Immun. 59:4665-4669.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
18
18. Koskela, M., and M. Leinonen. 1981. Comparison of ELISA and RIA for measurements pneumococcal antibodies before and after vaccination with 14-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine. J. Clin. Pathol. 34:93-98.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
19
19. Kuo, C.-C., A. Shor, L. A. Campbell, H. Fukushi, D. L. Patton, and J. T. Grayston. 1993. Demonstration of Chlamydia pneumoniae in atherosclerotic lesions of coronary arteries. J. Infect. Dis. 167:841-849.[Medline]
20
20. Laemmli, U. K. 1970. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 227:680-685.[CrossRef][Medline]
21
21. Mygind, P., G. Christiansen, K. Persson, and S. Birkelund. 1998. Analysis of the humoral immune response to Chlamydia Outer Membrane protein 2. Clin. Diang. Lab. Immunol. 5:313-318.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
22
22. Nurminen, M., S. Buther, I. Idänpään-Heikkilä, E. Wahlström, K. Muttilainen, K. Runeberg-Nyman, M. Sarvas, and P. H. Mäkelä. 1992. The class 1 outer membrane protein of Neisseria meningitidis produced in Bacillus subtilis can give rise to protective immunity. Mol. Microbiol. 17:2499-2506.
23
23. Palva, I., M. Sarvas, P. Lehtovaara, M. Sibakov, and L. Kääriäinen. 1982. Secretion of Escherichia coli ß-lactamase from Bacillus subtilis by the aid of -amylase signal sequence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:5582-5586.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
24
24. Penttilä, J. M., M. Anttila, M. Puolakkainen, A. Laurila, K. Varkila, M. Sarvas, P. H. Mäkelä, and N. Rautonen. 1998. Local immune responses to Chlamydia pneumoniae in the lungs of BALB/c mice during primary infection and reinfection. Infect. Immun. 66:5113-5118.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
25
25. Penttilä, J. M., M. Anttila, K. Varkila, M. Puolakkainen, M. Sarvas, P. H. Mäkelä, and N. Rautonen. 1999. Depletion of CD8+ cells abolishes memory in acquired immunity against Chlamydia pneumoniae in BALB/c mice. Immunology 97:490-496.[CrossRef][Medline]
26
26. Penttilä, T., J. M. Vuola, V. Puurula, M. Anttila, M. Sarvas, N. Rautonen, P. H. Mäkelä, and M. Puolakkainen. 2000. Immunity to Chlamydia pneumoniae induced by vaccination with DNA vectors expressing a cytoplasmic protein (Hsp60) or outer membrane proteins (MOMP and Omp2). Vaccine 19:1256-1265.[CrossRef][Medline]
27
27. Perez Melgosa, K., C.-C. Kuo, and L. A. Campbell. 1991. Sequence analysis of the major outer membrane protein gene of Chlamydia pneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 59:2195-2199.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
28
28. Perez Melgosa, K., C.-C. Kuo, and L. A. Campbell. 1993. Outer membrane complex proteins of Chlamydia pneumoniae. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 112:199-204.[CrossRef][Medline]
29
29. Puohiniemi, R., S. Butcher, E. Tarkka, and M. Sarvas. 1991. High level production of Escherichia coli outer membrane proteins OmpA and OmpF intracellularly in Bacillus subtilis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 67:29-34.[Medline]
30
30. Puolakkainen, M., C.-C. Kuo, A. Shor, S.-P. Wang, J. T. Grayston, and L. A. Campbell. 1993. Serological response to Chlamydia pneumoniae in adults with coronary arterial fatty streaks and fibrolipid plaques. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:2212-2214.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
31
31. Rottenberg, M. E., A. C. G. Rothfuchs, D. Gigliotti, C. Svanholm, and H. Wigzell. 1999. Role of innate and adaptive immunity in the outcome of primary infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae, as analyzed in genetically modified mice. J. Immunol. 162:2829-2836.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
32
32. Saikku, P., M. Leinonen, K. Mattila, M. R. Ekman, M. S. Nieminen, P. H. Mäkelä, J. K. Huttunen, and V. Valtonen. 1988. Serological evidence of an association of a novel Chlamydia, TWAR, with chronic heart disease and acute myocardial infarction. Lancet ii:983-986.
33
33. Saris, P., S. Taira, U. Airaksinen, A. Palva, M. Sarvas, I. Palva, and K. Runeberg-Nyman. 1990. Production and secretion of pertussis toxin subunits in Bacillus subtilis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 56:143-148.[Medline]
34
34. Sibakov, M. 1986. High expression of Bacillus licheniformis alpha-amylase with a Bacillus secretion vector. Eur. J. Biochem. 155:577-581.[Medline]
35
35. Stephens, R. S., K. Koshiyama, E. Lewis, and A. Kubo. 2001. Heparin-binding outer membrane protein of chlamydiae. Mol. Microbiol. 40:691-699.[CrossRef][Medline]
36
36. Vehmaan-Kreula, P., M. Puolakkainen, M. Sarvas, H. G. Welgus, and P. T. Kovanen. 2001. Chlamydia pneumoniae proteins induce secretion of the 92-kDa gelatinase by human monocyte-derived macrophages. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 21:e1-e8.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
37
37. Wagar, E. A., J. Schachter, P. Bavoil, and R. S. Stephens. 1990. Differential human serologic response to two 60.000 molecular weight Chlamydia trachomatis antigens. J. Infect. Dis. 162:922-927.[Medline]
38
38. Wang, S.-P., and J. T. Grayston. 1970. Immunologic relationship between genital TRIC, lymphogranuloma venereum, and related organisms in a new microtiter indirect immunofluorescence test. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 70:367-374.[Medline]
39
39. Wang, S.-P. 2001. The microimmunofluorescence test for Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: technique and interpretation. J. Infect. Dis. 181:421-425.[CrossRef]
40
40. Watson, M. W., S. al-Mahdawi, P. R. Lambden, and I. N. Clarke. 1990. The nucleotide sequence of the 60kDa cysteine rich outer membrane protein of Chlamydia pneumoniae; strain IOL-207. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:5299.[Free Full Text]
41
41. Watson, M. W., P. R. Lambden, J. S. Everson, and I. N. Clarke. 1994. Immunoreactivity of the 60 kDa cysteine-rich proteins of Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia pneumoniae expressed in Escherichia coli. Microbiology 140:2003-2011.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
42
42. Wolf, K., E. Fischer, D. Mead, G. Zhong, R. Peeling, B. Whitmire, and H. D. Caldwell. 2001. Chlamydia pneumoniae major outer membrane protein is surface-exposed antigen that elicits antibodies primarily directed against confirmation-dependent determinants. Infect. Immun. 69:3082-3091.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
43
43. Wu, X.-C., L. Wilson, L. Tran, and S.-L. Wong. 1991. Engineering a Bacillus subtilis expression-secretion system with a strain deficient in six extracellular proteases. J. Bacteriol. 173:4952-4958.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
44
44. Wyllie, S., R. H. Ashley, D. Longbottom, and A. J. Herring. 1998. The major outer membrane protein of Chlamydia psittaci functions as a porin-like ion channel. Infect. Immun. 66:5202-5207.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
45
45. Yang, Z-P., C.-C. Kuo, and J. T. Grayston. 1993. A mouse model of Chlamydia pneumoniae strain TWAR pneumonitis. Infect. Immun. 61:2037-2040.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

---

Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, May 2003, p. 367-375, Vol. 10, No. 3
1071-412X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/CDLI.10.3.367-375.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Bongers, R. S., Veening, J.-W., Van Wieringen, M., Kuipers, O. P., Kleerebezem, M. (2005). Development and Characterization of a Subtilin-Regulated Expression System in Bacillus subtilis: Strict Control of Gene Expression by Addition of Subtilin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 8818-8824 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Tormakangas, L., Erkkila, L., Korhonen, T., Tiirola, T., Bloigu, A., Saikku, P., Leinonen, M. (2005). Effects of Repeated Chlamydia pneumoniae Inoculations on Aortic Lipid Accumulation and Inflammatory Response in C57BL/6J Mice. Infect. Immun. 73: 6458-6466 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) A correction has been published Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Airaksinen, U. Articles by Sarvas, M. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Airaksinen, U. Articles by Sarvas, M.