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Previous Article | Next Article 
Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, September 1998, p. 695-702, Vol. 5, No. 5
1071-412X/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Effects of Anticoagulants and Temperature on
Expression of Activation Markers CD11b and HLA-DR on Human
Leukocytes
Sharon
Shalekoff,1,2,*
Liesl
Page-Shipp,3 and
Caroline T.
Tiemessen1,2
Medical Research Council AIDS Virus Research
Unit, National Institute for Virology,1 and
Department of Virology, University of the
Witwatersrand,2 Johannesburg, and
Tuberculosis Department, Goldfields West Hospital,
Carltonville,3 South Africa
Received 5 February 1998/Returned for modification 6 April
1998/Accepted 1 June 1998
 |
ABSTRACT |
A whole-blood model was used to evaluate the effects of temperature
and anticoagulant on the expression of activation markers HLA-DR and
CD11b on peripheral leukocytes. Venous blood, anticoagulated with
either EDTA or heparin, was obtained from six healthy blood donors and
13 hospitalized patients (8 human immunodeficiency virus type
1-seropositive individuals with concurrent pulmonary tuberculosis and 5 patients with pneumonia). A preliminary evaluation was carried out with
whole blood from two of the normal donors, and cells were stained
immediately for HLA-DR and CD11b markers or stained after incubation at
room temperature or 37°C for 18 h with or without the addition
of the cytokines gamma interferon (IFN-
), granulocyte-macrophage
colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IFN- plus GM-CSF, tumor necrosis
factor beta, or interleukin-6. Of the cytokines tested, the combination
of IFN- and GM-CSF had the most pronounced modulation of marker
expression on polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN), in particular,
HLA-DR expression, which required induction for its detection. These
cytokines were therefore used in further evaluations that considered
the above-mentioned effects in the presence of disease. Results
indicated that the expression of activation markers on PMN and
lymphocytes in whole blood are influenced by the temperature of
incubation and the choice of anticoagulant and the effects noted were
dependent on (i) the particular cell surface marker, (ii) the cell type
being studied, and (iii) the presence or absence of disease. It is
therefore recommended that ex vivo whole-blood models for evaluating
phenotype or immune function be carefully evaluated for the
above-mentioned effects.
| |
INTRODUCTION |
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN)
are the first cells to migrate to the site of infection in response to
invading pathogens. The interaction of PMN with cells and antigens is
mediated by an important group of adhesion molecules, belonging to the
integrin family, known as the CD11-CD18 antigen complex. These
molecules are composed of three heterodimers with a common 
-subunit
(CD18) noncovalently linked to each of three 
-subunits, CD11a (also known as LFA-1), CD11b (also known as MAC-1 or CR3), and CD11c (also
known as CR4). These receptors contribute to PMN functions such as
chemotaxis, adhesion to endothelium, phagocytosis, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (for a review, see reference 2). Significant intracellular pools of CD11b-CD18
are present in the secondary and tertiary granules in circulating PMN;
therefore, they can increase their surface expression of CD11b within
minutes by severalfold upon activation.
Mature PMN were originally thought to play only a passive role in
inflammation, through phagocytosis and the release of cytotoxic compounds (26). It was subsequently shown, however, that
these cells have the ability to synthesize a number of
proteins
including surface receptors CR1 (32, 33), CR3
(33), and FcR (22, 36, 37)and a number of
cytokinessuch as interleukin-1 (IL-1) (28, 41), IL-6
(6, 31), IL-8 (5, 40), transforming growth factor
1 (12, 18), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-)
(9, 20). Furthermore, they can be induced to express class
II molecules by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor
(GM-CSF), gamma interferon (IFN-), and IL-3 (17). In addition to possessing protein-synthesizing capacity, PMN are also
responsive to a number of cytokines. Cytokines such as GM-CSF can have
both direct and potentiating effects on neutrophil function, while
others such as IFN-, TNF, and IL-6 enhance responses to other
stimuli, a process called priming. GM-CSF enhances antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (27, 42), primes PMN for chemotaxis and respiratory burst in response to formyl-Met-Leu-Phe
(44), and increases phagocytosis of bacteria
(14). Its direct effects include the induction of other
cytokines by PMN (6, 24, 25) and inhibition of PMN migration
(16). IFN- upregulates FcRI in PMN (35,
36), while IL-6 primes PMN for the generation of oxygen radicals
by formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (21).
Data from a number of studies have shown that antigen expression on the
surface of PMN is easily altered by procedures used for their
purification (4, 13, 43). The whole-blood model therefore
presents an ideal system for the analysis of cell phenotype and immune
function. Current knowledge on the effects of anticoagulants, temperature, and cytokines on cell surface antigen expression in whole
blood is limited. Of interest to us has been the effect of human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) disease and pulmonary tuberculosis on PMN phenotype and function (29, 30, 38), and
we have utilized both whole blood and isolated PMN, depending on the
analysis in question. It was, in part, through studies of this nature
that we noticed the effects of anticoagulants and standing time on the
modulation of particular markers. The present study therefore compares
the effects of both the temperature of incubation and the choice of
anticoagulant on the surface expression of two activation markers,
HLA-DR and CD11b, on whole-blood PMN in the presence of cytokines known
to prime PMN function. Furthermore, in order to determine if the
effects found were cell type specific, we included for comparison the
evaluation of these same markers on whole-blood lymphocytes. These
evaluations were carried out in both the presence and absence of
disease.
| |
MATERIALS AND METHODS |
Reagents.
Recombinant cytokines IFN-, GM-CSF, TNF-,
and IL-6 were obtained from Boehringer Mannheim (Mannheim, Germany).
Phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated mouse antibodies against human HLA-DR and
CD11b, mouse isotype control antibody immunoglobulin G2a-PE,
fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated mouse anti-CD14
(CD14-FITC), and FACS lysing solution (10× concentrate) were from
Becton Dickinson (San Jose, Calif.). The cell fixative was 1.5%
(vol/vol) formaldehyde (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) with 2% (wt/vol)
bovine serum albumin (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.).
Study subjects.
Six healthy volunteers (normal donors
[ND]) and 13 individuals hospitalized with either pneumonia
(n = 5) or coinfection with HIV-1 and
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (n = 8) were
recruited for whole-blood evaluations.
Whole-blood cultures.
Venous blood was collected into 5-ml
glass Vacutainer tubes (12 by 75 mm) (Becton Dickinson) containing
either 71.5 USP units of heparin or 15% (wt/vol) EDTA. The blood was
dispensed in 150-µl aliquots into Falcon polystyrene tubes (12 by 75 mm) and incubated at room temperature (RT) and 37°C for 18 h
with or without the addition of cytokines. A range of cytokines were
added to whole-blood aliquots from two of the ND: IFN- (100 U/ml),
GM-CSF (100 U/ml), IFN- plus GM-CSF (100 U/ml each), TNF- (2.5 ng/ml), and IL-6 (100 U/ml). Whole blood from the 6 ND and 13 diseased
patients were treated as described above but only stimulated with a
combination of IFN- and GM-CSF. Untreated controls received
phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). One sample of each treatment was
stained with antibody immediately, providing a baseline (time zero)
control.
Flow cytometric analysis of whole-blood leukocytes.
Two-color staining was performed on 50 µl of each of the whole-blood
samples with 5 µl of immunoglobulin G2a-PE, HLA-DR-PE, or CD11b-PE
together with 5 µl of CD14-FITC and incubating at RT for 20 min.
Erythrocytes were lysed with FACS lysing solution, washed with PBS, and
resuspended in 200 µl of cell fixative. A Becton Dickinson FACSort
with a 488-nm-wavelength argon laser was used for all analyses. The
instrument was calibrated and standardized between each analysis by
using Calibrite beads (Becton Dickinson). Granulocyte and lymphocyte
populations were identified based on their forward and side scatter
properties, and monocytes were excluded by gating out
high-CD14-fluorescing cells. The data were analyzed by using Cellquest
software (version 1.0; Becton Dickinson) and expressed as the
percentage of cells expressing the particular antigen (cursor M1 was
placed on the isotype control antibody fluorescence histogram such that
<2% fluorescence occurred to its right; marker-specific fluorescence
was measured as the shift in fluorescence within M1 as set on the
control, minus the percentage value obtained for the control) and the
fluorescence intensity or mean channel shift (mean channel number of
the sample fluorescence minus the mean channel number of the isotype
control antibody).
Statistical analysis.
Differences between treatments in the
ND group (n = 6) and diseased group (n = 13) were determined by the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test
(Statgraphics software; STSC, Inc., Rockville, Md.).
| |
RESULTS |
Effects of incubation temperature and cytokines on HLA-DR
expression on peripheral leukocytes.
Whole-blood cultures from two
donors were incubated for 18 h at RT and 37°C in the presence of
cytokines IFN-, GM-CSF, IFN- plus GM-CSF, TNF-, and IL-6.
There was no modulation of HLA-DR expression on PMN by any of the
cytokines at RT (data not shown). Figure
1 shows the effect of incubation at
37°C in the presence of the various cytokines on the percentage of
PMN expressing HLA-DR and on the shift in fluorescence intensity (mean
channel shift). In the presence of heparin, there was an increase in
HLA-DR expression owing to IFN- (fluorescence intensity only), to
GM-CSF, and to a synergistic effect on both these cytokines. On the
other hand, cytokine-treated EDTA cultures showed small but
demonstrable increases in the proportions of HLA-DR-expressing PMN in
the presence of these cytokines, with the magnitude of induction being
donor dependent. Fluorescence intensity was, however, increased
independently by IFN- and GM-CSF when used alone but not when these
cytokines were added in combination. TNF- and IL-6 did not alter the
proportion of PMN expressing HLA-DR in heparin or EDTA cultures but did
increase their intensity of fluorescence in the presence of EDTA.
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FIG. 1.
Effects of anticoagulants and cytokines on HLA-DR
expression on PMN. Heparin and EDTA whole-blood cultures (solid and
stippled bars, respectively) were stained immediately (time zero) or
incubated for 18 h at 37°C with either PBS (UN), IFN-,
GM-CSF, IFN- plus GM-CSF, TNF-, or IL-6 and then stained for
HLA-DR as described in Materials and Methods. Results are
representative of experiments using two donors and are expressed as the
percentage of HLA-DR-positive cells and shift in fluorescence intensity
(mean channel shift).
|
|
In heparin cultures incubated at 37°C, there was an increase in the
percentage and mean channel shift of lymphocytes expressing HLA-DR
(Fig. 2A) with further increases
dependent on the particular cytokine added. In EDTA cultures (Fig. 2B)
the opposite was true in that at 37°C there was a decrease in the
intensity of HLA-DR fluorescence with most cytokines, with only
marginal alterations in the proportion of HLA-DR-fluorescing
lymphocytes. When heparin and EDTA cultures were left at RT for 18 h, with or without the addition of cytokines, fluorescence intensity
was increased with only marginal changes in the percentage of positive
cells (except IL-6, which showed a substantial increase).
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FIG. 2.
Effects of temperature and cytokines on HLA-DR
expression on lymphocytes in heparin (A) and EDTA (B) cultures.
Whole-blood cultures were incubated at RT or 37°C (stippled and solid
bars, respectively) with PBS (UN), IFN-, GM-CSF, IFN- plus
GM-CSF, TNF-, or IL-6 and then stained for HLA-DR as described in
Materials and Methods. Results are representative of experiments using
two donors. Values obtained for cultures stained immediately (time zero
control) are shown for comparison by boldface dotted lines.
|
|
Effects of incubation temperature and cytokines on CD11b expression
on peripheral leukocytes.
Incubation of cytokine-treated and
-untreated blood samples at 37°C as opposed to RT decreased CD11b
expression on PMN (Fig. 3). This effect
was only marginal in heparin-anticoagulated samples, with a minor
reduction in fluorescence intensity (Fig. 3B) and close to 100% of PMN
expressing CD11b (Fig. 3A). The down-regulation at 37°C was, however,
quite dramatic in EDTA-anticoagulated samples, evidenced as both a
reduction in percentage of positive cells (Fig. 3A) and mean channel
shift (Fig. 3B). This occurred despite the addition of cytokines known
to upregulate CD11b expression on PMN. In the presence of heparin,
however, the largest increase in CD11b expression was the result of the
addition of both IFN- and GM-CSF (Fig. 3B).
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FIG. 3.
Effect of incubation temperature on the percentage of
PMN expressing CD11b (A) and mean channel shift (B) in cytokine-treated
whole-blood cultures. Heparin and EDTA whole-blood cultures were
incubated for 18 h at 37°C with either PBS (UN), IFN-,
GM-CSF, IFN- plus GM-CSF, TNF-, or IL-6 and then stained for
CD11b as described in Materials and Methods. (A) The corresponding time
zero controls are indicated by boldface dotted lines. Solid bars,
37°C; stippled bars, RT. (B) Vertical solid and dotted lines drawn
through the histograms indicate the mean channel numbers corresponding
to the untreated controls at 37°C and RT, respectively. For both
panels, results are representative of experiments using two donors.
|
|
There was no substantial modulation of CD11b expression on lymphocytes
at 37°C in heparin cultures (Fig. 4).
Incubation at RT for 18 h, however, resulted in an increased
intensity of CD11b fluorescence both in heparin and EDTA cultures,
although there were small decreases relative to the time zero control
in the proportion of positive CD11b lymphocytes in EDTA cultures (Fig. 4). As found for PMN, incubation at 37°C in the presence of EDTA resulted in a marked reduction in CD11b expression (Fig. 4B).
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FIG. 4.
Effect of incubation temperature on percentage of
CD11b-expressing lymphocytes and their mean channel shift
determinations in heparin (A) and EDTA (B) cultures. Heparin and EDTA
whole-blood cultures were treated with cytokines as described in the
text and incubated at RT or 37°C (stippled and solid bars,
respectively). The time zero controls are included for comparison and
are indicated by boldface dotted lines.
|
|
Temperature and anticoagulant effects on marker expression on
whole-blood PMN and lymphocytes in the presence of disease.
In
order to determine if effects of anticoagulant and temperature were
further altered due to disease, we carried out an evaluation similar to
that described above, but compared results from 6 ND and 13 diseased
patients. Only the addition of IFN- plus GM-CSF was used as a
stimulant, as this combination showed the greatest modulation of marker
expression, particularly, the expression of HLA-DR on PMN, which, as
shown, requires induction for detectable expression. Fresh blood was
obtained from the 6 healthy blood donors and from the 13 hospitalized
patients, 5 of whom had pneumonia and 8 of whom were diagnosed as HIV-1
seropositive with concurrent pulmonary tuberculosis (HIV/TB
patients). HLA-DR and CD11b expression on gated PMN and
lymphocytes was determined immediately (time zero), and after 18 h
of incubation at RT and at 37°C, and after stimulation in the
presence of both IFN- and GM-CSF. As there were no significant
differences in the expression of either marker between HIV/TB and
pneumonia patients, the data were pooled to represent one disease group
for comparison with the ND group.
In the presence of EDTA there were no significant changes in percentage
of HLA-DR expressing PMN with regard to the different treatments in
either the ND group or the disease group (P > 0.05) (Fig. 5A). However, heparin-treated whole
blood showed a significant increase in HLA-DR expression in the
presence of IFN- plus GM-CSF above that of EDTA-anticoagulated blood
in both the ND and disease groups (P < 0.05), with the
ability to be induced, however, being less in the disease group. HLA-DR
expression increased only when blood was incubated at 37°C, with a
wide variation in the fluorescence intensities obtained in the presence
of EDTA in the ND group (Fig. 5A). The median value obtained for EDTA
cultures at 37°C, although severalfold higher, was therefore not
significantly different from that obtained for the corresponding
heparin cultures (P > 0.05). Overall, fluorescence
intensities obtained in both groups showed no significant difference
between the two anticoagulants with any of the treatments.
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FIG. 5.
Effects of anticoagulants and temperature on HLA-DR (A)
and CD11b (B) expression on whole-blood PMN from healthy blood donors
(n = 6) and diseased individuals (n = 13). Whole-blood samples anticoagulated with either heparin or EDTA
(solid and stippled squares, respectively) were stained for surface
expression of HLA-DR and CD11b immediately (time zero), after an 18-h
incubation at RT, and after an 18-h incubation at 37°C with or
without the addition of IFN- plus GM-CSF. PMN were gated, and
results are expressed as percentage of positive cells and fluorescence
intensity (mean channel shift).
|
|
CD11b expression on PMN, on the other hand, was markedly reduced in the
presence of EDTA (Fig. 5B). The proportion of CD11b-positive cells in
heparin blood cultures remained close to 100% in both the ND and
disease groups, irrespective of the incubation conditions. Although
differences were small, a standing time of 18 h, whether at RT or
37°C, significantly reduced the proportion of CD11b-expressing PMN
compared to that of blood being stained immediately (P < 0.05). Both the proportion of CD11b-positive PMN and their
fluorescence intensities were significantly reduced in the presence of
EDTA when blood was held for 18 h at RT or 37°C
(P < 0.05). Although there was a trend toward
decreased intensity of CD11b expression at time zero in
EDTA-anticoagulated blood, this was only significant in the disease
group (P < 0.001). Whereas stimulation in the presence of IFN- and GM-CSF did not significantly alter the proportion of
CD11b-positive PMN (P > 0.05), there was a significant
increase in the intensity of fluorescence in heparin cultures only
(P < 0.01) in both ND and disease groups. Furthermore,
CD11b expression in the disease group was more adversely affected by
incubation at 37°C in EDTA than was that of the ND group.
Compared to granulocytes, a greater proportion of lymphocytes expressed
HLA-DR with no apparent modulation of this expression by cytokines
IFN- and GM-CSF. In the disease group, HLA-DR expression on
lymphocytes was significantly higher than that found for control individuals. There were no significant differences in the proportion of
lymphocytes expressing HLA-DR (P > 0.05) in heparin
and EDTA cultures or between any of the treatments (Fig.
6A). However, the intensity of HLA-DR
expression was substantially reduced (P < 0.05) when
cultures were incubated at the higher temperature in EDTA (Fig. 6A). In
the disease group, there was a significant decrease in the proportion
of lymphocytes expressing HLA-DR when EDTA cultures were held for
18 h, irrespective of incubation temperature (P < 0.05), compared to their time zero control, but these independently were not significantly different from the corresponding treatment in
heparin cultures (P > 0.05). As for the ND group, mean
channel shift values were significantly reduced in EDTA cultures at the higher incubation temperature relative to the corresponding values obtained for heparin cultures (P < 0.05).
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FIG. 6.
Effects of anticoagulants and temperature on HLA-DR (A)
and CD11b (B) expression on whole-blood lymphocytes from healthy blood
donors (n = 6) and diseased individuals
(n = 13). Whole-blood samples anticoagulated with
either heparin or EDTA (solid and stippled squares, respectively) were
stained for surface expression of HLA-DR and CD11b immediately (time
zero), after an 18-h incubation at RT, and after an 18-h incubation at
37°C with or without the addition of IFN- plus GM-CSF. Lymphocytes
were gated, and results are expressed as percentage of cells expressing
HLA-DR and fluorescence intensity (mean channel shift).
|
|
As for PMN, CD11b expression on lymphocytes was markedly reduced in
EDTA cultures as opposed to heparin cultures, with this effect being
most pronounced at the elevated temperature (P < 0.05)
(Fig. 6B). Whereas the percentage of CD11b-positive lymphocytes in the
disease group was significantly greater than that in the ND group
(P < 0.05), these differences were no longer apparent at the higher incubation temperature, showing a greater modulation of
this marker in the presence of disease. On the other hand, the
intensity of CD11b fluorescence decreased substantially in heparin
cultures of the ND group when the incubation temperature was 37°C
(P < 0.05). This was modulated differently in diseased patients in that CD11b fluorescence was significantly increased after
standing at RT for 18 h (P < 0.05) but returned
to mean channel shift values similar to time zero controls when
incubated at 37°C. As for HLA-DR expression on lymphocytes, there was
no modulation of CD11b expression by IFN- and GM-CSF
(P > 0.05).
Both the proportion of HLA-DR-expressing lymphocytes and the intensity
of their fluorescence were significantly higher than the corresponding
values obtained for PMN, even though comparable proportions of PMN
could be induced to express HLA-DR, but with low fluorescence
intensity. The reciprocal situation occurred with CD11b expression,
during which both proportions of CD11b-expressing cells and
fluorescence intensities were significantly less in lymphocytes than in
PMN. A substantially reduced ability to induce HLA-DR on the surface of
PMN was noted in the disease group compared to the ND group, as was a
significant increase in CD11b fluorescence intensity (P < 0.05). In addition, the proportions of both HLA-DR- and
CD11b-expressing lymphocytes were significantly elevated in the
presence of disease (P < 0.05).
| |
DISCUSSION |
Human whole blood has provided a convenient ex vivo model for the
monitoring of leukocyte receptor expression (11, 23), cytokine production (1, 3, 7), and lipid mediator synthesis (15, 39), as well as for functional assays such as PMN
oxidative burst (10, 11, 34, 38) and phagocytosis (34,
38).
In the present study, the expression of two antigens, HLA-DR and CD11b,
on the surface of peripheral leukocytes was analyzed in whole-blood
cultures. These two phenotypic markers were chosen for study for two
reasons: (i) they are both activation markers and hence are much more
sensitive to changes in blood that could occur ex vivo, and (ii) they
are expressed very differently on PMN and lymphocytes and can therefore
indicate if a particular compartment is differentially modulated. With
the use of cytokines selected on the basis of their capacity to prime
PMN responses, it was possible to show modulation of the respective
activation markers owing to both the temperature of incubation and the
choice of anticoagulant added. It has been reported by Gosselin et al. (17) that the capacity to express high levels of HLA-DR on
PMN is donor dependent. Of the cytokines they tested, only GM-CSF, IFN-, and IL-3 induced class II expression on purified PMN. In this
study, the greatest inducible increase of HLA-DR on PMN was in
heparin-anticoagulated blood incubated in the presence of IFN- plus
GM-CSF at 37°C. This occurred within 18 h, a period much shorter
than the induction times required for isolated PMN, whose viability is
well maintained under well-optimized conditions (17). CD11b
up-regulation on these cells was also maximal in the presence of these
two cytokines at RT. This combination of cytokines was therefore chosen
to further evaluate anticoagulant and temperature effects in whole
blood in the presence of disease. The disease group, which consisted of
HIV/TB patients and patients with pneumonia, showed no significant
differences in expression of either marker on PMN or lymphocytes and
was therefore analyzed as one group for comparison with the ND group.
Our findings that CD11b expression was lower on PMN at 37°C than at
RT while the opposite was true for HLA-DR suggest that these surface
antigens are differentially stimulated. The same was true for
expression of these markers on lymphocytes, except that the expression
of HLA-DR was not significantly increased at 37°C, further indicating
differential regulation of this marker based on cell type. This
indication was further supported by the fact that, unlike their effects
on PMN, the addition of both IFN- and GM-CSF did not upregulate the
expression of HLA-DR and CD11b on lymphocytes. Furthermore, EDTA as an
anticoagulant had drastic effects on CD11b expression whereas HLA-DR
expression was less affected, indicating that this effect is somewhat
selective for the antigen.
Although there were changes in expression of both markers in diseased
patients relative to that found for ND, in general the patterns of
modulation were similar. The down-regulation of CD11b in EDTA cultures
was, however, more severe than that found for ND cultures. In addition,
a greater tendency toward a fluctuation in expression levels was
evident in whole blood of diseased patients held for 18 h at RT.
Patterns of modulation based on different treatments were similar
between ND and diseased patients but differed between the two
anticoagulants. Therefore, the choice of anticoagulant had a marked
influence on activation marker expression, as did an increase in
temperature to 37°C.
One possible explanation for the maintenance of high CD11b expression
in heparin cultures at 37°C but not in EDTA cultures is that a
cytokine such as IL-8 is produced in the presence of heparin at levels
approximately 20-fold-higher than those in the presence of EDTA
(40a). A major effect of IL-8 is the up-regulation of CD11b
on PMN (8). Anticoagulation of whole blood by EDTA or by
heparin is achieved by chelating calcium ions and by combining with
antithrombin III to remove thrombin, respectively (19). It
may therefore be the specific stage at which inhibition of coagulation
occurs that has a significant effect on whether factors such as
cytokines affect phenotypic expression ex vivo.
In summary, our results indicate that the expression of activation
markers on PMN and lymphocytes in whole blood are influenced by factors
such as the time and temperature of incubation and the choice of
anticoagulant. In addition, responses to these factors were also
dependent on the particular marker being analyzed, the cell type of
interest, and to a lesser extent the presence of disease. These
findings have relevance with respect to specimen handling for clinical
flow cytometric monitoring of cell surface markers, in which specimens
do not always reach the clinical laboratory in a timely fashion and
specimens may be subjected to elevated temperatures. In addition,
levels of various cytokines are known to be raised in a number of
disease states, which can in turn contribute to phenotypic changes ex
vivo. As use of the whole-blood culture model is gaining in popularity
as a system simulating the in vivo situation more closely than
fractionated leukocytes and one that avoids the problems associated
with activation due to cell isolation procedures, it is important to be
aware of the effects of additives such as anticoagulants and factors
such as incubation temperature and time on cell phenotype and function.
| |
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
This work was supported by the Poliomyelitis Research Foundation
and Medical Research Council of South Africa.
| |
FOOTNOTES |
*
Corresponding author. Mailing address: National
Institute for Virology, Private Bag X4, Sandringham 2131, South Africa.
Phone: (01027-11) 321-4200. Fax: (01027-11) 882-0596. E-mail:
SharonS{at}niv.ac.za.
| |
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Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, September 1998, p. 695-702, Vol. 5, No. 5
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Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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Abstract
Introduction
