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Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, January 2003, p. 140-153, Vol. 10, No. 1
1071-412X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/CDLI.10.1.140-153.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Functional and Morphological Development of Lymphoid Tissues and Immune Regulatory and Effector Function in Rhesus Monkeys: Cytokine-Secreting Cells, Immunoglobulin-Secreting Cells, and CD5⁺ B-1 Cells Appear Early in Fetal Development

Norbert Makori,^1,3 Alice F. Tarantal,¹ Fabien X. Lü,^1,3 Tracy Rourke,^1,3 Marta L. Marthas,^1,2 Michael B. McChesney,¹ Andrew G. Hendrickx,¹ and Christopher J. Miller^1,2,3*

California National Primate Research Center,¹ Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine,² Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8542³

Received 29 July 2002/ Returned for modification 23 September 2002/ Accepted 7 October 2002

Little is known regarding the timing of immune ontogeny and effector function in fetal humans and nonhuman primates. We studied the organization of lymphocyte and antigen-presenting cell populations in developing lymphoid tissues of rhesus monkey fetuses during the second and third trimesters (65 to 145 days of gestation; term = 165 days). Immunoglobulin-secreting and cytokine-secreting cells were detected at day 80. The thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and intestinal mucosa were examined for cells expressing CD3, CD5, CD20, CD68, p55, and HLA-DR. In the spleens of 65-day-old fetuses (early second trimester), the overwhelming majority of total lymphocytes were CD5⁺ CD20⁺ B-1 cells. The remaining lymphocytes were CD3⁺ T cells. By day 80, splenic B and T cells were equal in number. Intraepithelial CD3⁺ CD5^- T cells and lamina propria CD20⁺ CD5⁺ B cells were present in the intestines of 65-day-old fetuses. By day 80, numerous CD20⁺ CD5⁺ B cells were present in the jejunums and colons and early lymphocyte aggregate formation was evident. The spleens of 80- to 145-day-old fetuses contained immunoglobulin M (IgM)-secreting cells, while IgA-, IgG-, interleukin-6-, and gamma interferon-secreting cells were numerous in the spleens and colons. Thus, by the second trimester, the lymphoid tissues of the rhesus monkey fetus have a complete repertoire of properly organized antigen-presenting cells, T cells, and B cells.

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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616-8542. Phone: (530) 752-8584. Fax: (530) 754-4411. E-mail: cjmiller{at}ucdavis.edu.

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Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, January 2003, p. 140-153, Vol. 10, No. 1
1071-412X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/CDLI.10.1.140-153.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

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