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Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, November 2003, p. 995-1001, Vol. 10, No. 6
1071-412X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/CDLI.10.6.995-1001.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Cytokines as Mediators for or Effectors against Rotavirus Disease in Children

B Jiang,1* L. Snipes-Magaldi,1 P. Dennehy,2 H. Keyserling,3 R. C. Holman,1 J. Bresee,1 J. Gentsch,1 and R. I. Glass1

Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,1 Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,3 Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island2

Received 28 March 2003/ Returned for modification 24 June 2003/ Accepted 29 July 2003

Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in young children, but the pathogenesis and immunity of this disease are not completely understood. To examine the host response to acute infection, we collected paired serum specimens from 30 children with rotavirus diarrhea and measured the levels of nine cytokines (interleukin-1ß [IL-1ß], IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, gamma interferon [IFN-{gamma}], and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-{alpha}]) using a microsphere-based Luminex Flowmetrix system. Patients with acute rotavirus infection had elevated median levels of seven cytokines in serum, and of these, the levels of three (IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-{gamma}) were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those in serum from control children without diarrhea. Patients with fever had significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of IL-6 in serum than control children, and those with fever and more episodes of diarrhea had significantly (P < 0.05) higher levels of TNF-{alpha} than those without fever and with fewer episodes of diarrhea. We further demonstrated a negative association (P < 0.05) between the levels of IL-2 and the number of stools on the day on which the first blood sample was collected. Finally, patients with vomiting had significantly (P < 0.05) lower levels of IFN-{gamma} than those without vomiting. Our pilot study provides evidence that the types and magnitudes of cytokine responses to rotavirus infection in children influence or reflect the clinical outcome of disease. These findings suggest that certain cytokines may play an important role in the pathogenesis of and the protection against rotavirus disease in children and, consequently, may provide directions and insights that could prove critical to the prevention or treatment of this important disease.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Viral Gastroenteritis Section (MS G04), National Center for Infectious Diseases, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30333. Phone: (404) 639-2861. Fax: (404) 639-3645. E-mail: bjiang{at}cdc.gov.

Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, November 2003, p. 995-1001, Vol. 10, No. 6
1071-412X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/CDLI.10.6.995-1001.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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